Are We Moving Towards Convergence or Divergence? Mapping the Intellectual Structure and Roots of Online Social Network Research 1997 2017 Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication - Daddy Tv

The information and knowledge domains continue to expand rapidly due to profound changes in technology. Since the first library school was established at Columbia in 1883 by Melvil Dewey, libraries have played a key role in the transformation of the information professions. For over a century, libraries and librarians occupied the center of the Copernican universe of the information and knowledge professions (Marchionini and Moran, 2012). Historically, librarians, archivists, and record managers assumed the duty of gathering, processing, organizing, and disseminating information for many reasons including the advances of science and the protection of cultural heritage. The evolution of the information and knowledge professions has been shaped over time by many technological advances, such as the invention of paper, the printing press, and the development of computers.

The advances in information technology and the automation of various library functions enabled a more efficient method of information storage and retrieval. Research in information retrieval picked up steam in the seventies with the formation of the first large information retrieval research group by Gerard Salton. Salton was one of the information science pioneers in modern information retrieval (Sanderson https://1investing.in/ and Croft, 2012). Progress made in information retrieval research work in the 1970s and 1980s paved the way for the current Internet indexing and searching services, such as Yahoo and Google. Work by Spärck Jones in the seventies and eighties extended Luhn’s term frequency work to include the statistical analysis of the word occurrence in the document and across a collection of documents.

1. There is no shortage of definitions of data science (Kempler and Mathews, 2017).
2. How information theory changed the world-a brief review of the history of the information theory society.
3. Encouraging respect for cultural diversity within acceptable standards facilitates cultural understanding and peace.
4. Bayt Al-Hikma or the House of Wisdom library in Baghdad contained more than 400,000 books.
5. Spärck Jones introduced the concept of inverse document frequency (idf) which measures the significance of the term in each document corpus (Jones, 2004).
6. The older media, such as television and radio, are broadcasting networks with passive audiences.

Taken together, these results suggest that the social network approach has yet to establish its legitimacy in CMC research. The broad OSN research, to a large extent, has only partially applied the social network theory and the social network analysis methodology to the study of OSNs, and has yet to systematically examine either the structure or the content of social networks (Borgatti & Foster, 2003). Online social networks (OSNs), comprised of varying types of relations among actors that interact through social technologies, are widespread in today’s media environment. However, questions remain whether we are moving towards convergence within the sub-disciplines of communication and with other disciplines in OSN research. First, it performs a bibliometric analysis of existing scholarship on OSNs in the past 20 years, highlighting both the convergence and divergence of inquiry on OSNs in computer-mediated communication (CMC) research. Second, based on the results of the bibliometric analysis, it articulates an agenda for future CMC research.

Web 2.0 moved the web from static web pages to more dynamic and interactive where access to information in real time is made possible. The concept of knowledge portals and enterprise portals started to emerge by integrating a diverse range of applications and providing SSO access technologies. Foucault (1971) developed the ‘discursive field’ to understand the relationships between language, social institutions, subjectivity, and power. Foucault writes that discourses relate to verbalization at the most basic level. The discursive method explores the construction of meanings in human communication by offering a meaningful interpretation of messages to enhance purposeful communication.

Upload and Share Your Article:

Newly emerging fields, such as knowledge management, data science, data curation, and data analytics, are expanding the traditional domain of the field. The growing interest in the information and knowledge field has been driven by continued advances in communication and information technologies as well as the exponential increase of digital information. To be able to understand the future of the profession and what the future might hold for information and knowledge professionals, it is necessary to understand the past and reflect on the developments that took place through history. According to Bokova (2013), there is “renewed aspirations for equality and respect, for tolerance and mutual understanding, especially between peoples of different cultures.” This means that if all parties respect other team members’ cultures, a clement work environment is inevitable. Achieving this starts with a re-examination of the whole communication process. The crux of cross-cultural communication is developing effective ways to appreciate the culture of others involved in the acts of communication.

Gumperz (2001, p. 216) argues that “all communication is intentional and grounded in inferences that depend upon the assumption of mutual good faith. Culturally specific presuppositions play a key role in inferring what is intended.” Cross-border communications reflect the kaleidoscope of the diverse colours of many cultures, meeting, clashing, and fusing. Like Adler (1991, p. 64) observes, “foreigners see, interpret, and evaluate things differently, and consequently act upon them differently.” Diversities in culture shape interpersonal communication.

Using bibliometric analysis, this article identifies the state, the conceptual structure, and intellectual roots of OSN research in the past 20 years, highlighting the convergence and divergence in understanding “how CMC intersects with the structure and functioning of social systems” (Garton et al., 1997). To explore these waters, we advocate for a social network approach, for employing explain the information and communication professions: convergence and divergences. the communication network taxonomy, for greater innovativeness in the methodological approaches devised to investigate OSNs, and for a diversification of institutional contexts in future research. In conclusion, CMC research awaits more theoretically vigorous and methodologically innovative studies on OSNs to advance our understanding of human communication across time and space.

The questions that we ask in this SI cover issues including to what extent we have a global HRM versus region-specific model of HR (North American model, European model, Asian model, Middle Eastern model, Nordic model, etc.)? Where do these systems meet and where do they part both in theory and in practice? In this special issue, we are interested in discourses that are currently present in the English language in various parts of the world. We are also interested in under-represented regions of the world, such as the Asian, African, and Latin American contexts in addition to other world experiences. We encourage researchers whose work entails investigating work practices in non-Western contexts to share their perspectives of HRM within their own contexts. The idea is to attract papers addressing these issues at the micro (i.e., individual and group) level with openness to the macro (organizational and societal) levels of analysis.

Understanding these differences provides the context for an enhanced understanding of the values and behaviours of others. Reconciling these differences confers competitive advantages to those who communicate effectively. The media must provide the links between senders and receivers of messages in the context of their socio-cultural environments.

The need to know about people’s culture

Moreover, the results of co-citation and co-word analyses suggest that the structural OSN research also benefits from other traditional research methods such as grounded approach and content analysis. Together, these results indicate that structural OSN research follows a different path than the broad OSN research, and the pattern of boundary spanning facilitates methodological and theoretical innovation for OSN research. The primary papers formed six major clusters, which represented the major sub-streams of research on OSNs.

Explore content

Bokova (2010) claims that “the links between culture and development are so strong that development cannot dispense with culture” and “that these links cannot be separated.” Culture includes customs and social behaviour. Causadias (2020) claims that culture is a structure that connects people, places, and practices. Ruane and Todd (2004) write that these connections are everyday matters like language, rituals, kingship, economic way of life, general lifestyle, and labour division. Field (2008) notes that even though all cultural identities are historically constructed, they still undergo changes, transformation, and mutation with time. Although Barth (1969) affirms that ethnicity is not culture, he points out that it helps define a group and its cultural stuff. The shared cultural stuff provides the basis for ethnic enclosure or exclusion.

We searched the title, abstract, author keywords, and keywords plus fields in all SSCI communication journals. This produced 268 unique primary papers, whose reference lists resulted in 6,925 secondary documents. In this chapter, we discussed emerging trends and disciplines in the information and knowledge professions, as well as the profound impact of technology on the library profession and the historical transformation of library education over the years.

In 1990, the field of information was further expanded by the development of several major areas, such as multimedia, document management systems, hypermedia, and virtual reality. The social construction of reality is hinged on the belief that people make sense of their social world by assembling their knowledge. Berger and Luckmann (1966, p.15) contend that this “knowledge is concerned with the analysis of the social construction of reality.” Social construction theory builds on peoples’ comprehension of their own life experiences. From there, people make assumptions about what they think life is or should be. Young and Collin (2004) present that social constructionism pays more attention to society than individuals. What is widely accepted by a particular community may be unacceptable to other people who are not members of this group.

Applying pressure to the inked surfaces of paper enabled the production of multiple copies, which led to wider dissemination of the printed material. The first printing machine was invented in 1440 by the goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg that could produce 3600 pages per day. The movable type printing device allowed the production of large quantities of printed material that could then be bound together into a new media format, such as books and journals. The new printed products as we know them today together with the institutionalized legal framework for the protection of intellectual property laid the foundation for the information and library profession. In 751 AD, after the battle of Turkistan, the Arabs learned the skills of paper making and the first paper mill was established in Baghdad. The Arabs improved the production of paper by using new material, such as linen and flax.

Internet

The Assyrian library, built in the seventh century BCE, contained more than 30,000 cuneiforms and tablets. The Library of Alexandria in Egypt is believed to have contained something like 700,000 documents. Bayt Al-Hikma or the House of Wisdom library in Baghdad contained more than 400,000 books. As war waged around the world some of these great libraries were destroyed or burned.

Sidani and Al Ariss (2013), for example, suggest that MNCs operate in such a way that certain practices converge (given their global usage) while other practices diverge (given local contexts) thus leaning toward a crossvergence perspective. Brewster, Wood, and Brookes (2008) also find evidence of both similarities and differences in IHRM practices. Brewster (2004) presents what he terms as “European perspectives on human resource management” suggesting the existence of institutional and cultural factors that do not conform to a pure convergence theory. Likewise, Rowley and Benson (2002) explore the difficulties and challenges facing HRM convergence theory in the Asian context (please refer to the SI in HRMR about the Chinese context, Zhang, 2012). Other contributions to HRMR also explore the existence of country/region-specific HR practices (for example Gooderham & Nordhaug, 2011; Huo, Huang, & Napier, 2002; Mayrhofer, Brewster, Morley, & Ledolter, 2011; Morley, 2004).